Sudan Airways Flight 109

Sudan Airways Flight 109 was a scheduled international Amman–Damascus–Khartoum passenger flight, operated with an Airbus A310 by the flag carrier of Sudan, Sudan Airways. On 10 June 2008, at approximately 17:26 UTC, the Airbus A310 crashed on landing at Khartoum International Airport, killing 30 of the 214 occupants on board.

The investigation was conducted by Sudan's Air Accident Investigation Central Directorate with assistance from the French Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA). The investigation concluded that the accident was caused by the long flaring distance of the flight on a wet runway, aggravated with the non-deployment of the autobrake and one of the Airbus A310's two engine reversers. The inclement weather condition and the crew's lack of information on the weather were cited as contributing factors. Following the accident, Sudan's Air Accident Investigation Central Directorate issued several recommendations, mainly on better training and better infrastructure on the airport.

Accident

The flight originated in Amman, the capital of Jordan, with its final destination in Khartoum, Sudan with an intermediate stop in the Syrian capital of Damascus. The flight departed Amman with an unserviceable and inhibited No. 1 engine thrust reverser, having arrived as such from Cairo the previous day, with the outage labeled per the Minimum Equipment List (MEL).

Jordanian officials stated that the aircraft carried 34 passengers from Amman, while in Damascus it took on another 169 passengers. A sandstorm and heavy rain prevented the aircraft from landing in Khartoum, and forced the crew to divert to Port Sudan. The aircraft was later allowed to fly back to its original destination.

As the flight approached Khartoum, the flight crew were given weather details. Flight 109 received clearance from air traffic control and began to land. The flight touched down at Khartoum Airport at 17:26 UTC, but overran the runway and came to rest 215 m beyond the end of runway 36. A fire then erupted on the starboard side of the aircraft.

As fire started on the right side of the aircraft, slides were deployed only on the left side. The fire, which managed to get inside the cabin, was reported as intense and created thick smoke while passengers evacuated. The thick smoke and nighttime darkness hampered the evacuation process, which was further aggravated by panicked passengers, who were not briefed at all on safety procedures. Communications between crew members were ineffective and hand luggage caused further delay in the evacuation process. As the rear left slide could not be used due to the height of the aircraft, passengers had to use either the middle or the forward left slide, causing a pile-up, during which the fire quickly spread to the forward fuselage and the cockpit.

The airport was immediately shut down due to the accident and rescue services were deployed to the crash site. However, the rescue operation was hampered by the shortage of search and rescue personnel, the lack of communication equipment among rescue personnel, rough surfaces around the crash site, lack of emergency exit routes and participation of civil defense fire vehicles. Multiple ambulances were mobilized to the airport to take injured passengers to hospitals across Khartoum. One bus was deployed to take surviving passengers for examination.

Sequence of events

Investigators analyzed multiple findings and made a sequence of events based on the findings. These findings include data from both flight recorders, weather data, information on the airport infrastructure and data collected from flight simulation.

Prior to Flight 109's landing, the crew had been informed on the weather condition in the airport. Khartoum Tower incorrectly reported that a headwind was present at the airport. Pilots were also informed on the precipitation in the airport. As Flight 109 got its clearance to land, the crew prepared the aircraft for landing.

Flight 109 touched down at 19:26 local time. The indicated airspeed was 140 kn, while the ground speed was 155 kn. This indicated that the aircraft was struck by a 15 kn tailwind. The crew, however, did not realize this. Due to this, Flight 109 touched down at about 850 - 900 m from the runway threshold.

The runway was noted as "very slippery", causing friction coefficient to be greatly decreased. The pilot, however, decided not to deploy the autobrake, even though the controller had informed him on the slippery runway. The aircraft continued to roll on the runway. The crew then decided to deploy the thrust reverser. The deactivated left engine thrust reverser caused an asymmetrical power, as the aircraft started to veer to the right. The pilot managed to get the aircraft back to the centerline.

The captain then applied full braking on both pedals. The wheels locked and the anti-skid was turned off. Flight 109 overran the runway at a speed of 76 kn. The right wing then hit some antennae and approach lights. The aircraft had already suffered some kind of fuel leakage on the left wing and right wing. As the aircraft hit some structures on the ground, it severed the leakage. The fire then started when the aircraft came to a full stop.